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<title>The Chalk Circle</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><i>The Chalk Circle</i></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original Chinese play. For other uses, see <a href="Chalk_Circle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chalk Circle (disambiguation)">Chalk Circle (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic">The Chalk Circle</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data description"><a href="Li_Qianfu" title="Li Qianfu">Li Qianfu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Zhang Haitang</li><li>Ma Junqing</li><li>Lady Liu</li><li>Zhang Lin</li><li><a href="Bao_Zheng" title="Bao Zheng">Bao Zheng</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Original language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Judge_Bao_fiction" title="Judge Bao fiction">Judge Bao fiction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="Zaju" title="Zaju">zaju</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">The Chalk Circle</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">灰闌記</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">灰阑记</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">story of the boundary of <a href="Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">huī lán jì</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><i><b>The Chalk Circle</b></i> (sometimes translated <i>The Circle of Chalk</i>), by <a href="Li_Qianfu" title="Li Qianfu">Li Qianfu</a>, is a <a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1259–1368) <a href="China" title="China">Chinese</a> classical <a href="Zaju" title="Zaju">zaju</a> verse play and <a href="Gong'an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">gong'an</a> <a href="Chinese_crime_fiction" title="Chinese crime fiction">crime</a> drama, in four acts with a prologue.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masterplots_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masterplots-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was preserved in a collection entitled <i>Yuan-chu-po-cheng</i>, or <i>The Hundred Pieces</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Revers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> original is known for the beauty of its lyrical verse, and considered a Yuan masterpiece;<sup id="cite_ref-Masterplots_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masterplots-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Du_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a series of translations and revisions inspired several popular modern plays.

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<p>A beautiful sixteen-year-old girl, Hai-tang (also transliterated Hai-t'ang, Hi-tang, or Chang-hi-tang), is sold into a <a href="House_of_prostitution" class="mw-redirect" title="House of prostitution">house of prostitution</a> by her impoverished family, after her father's death. There she is befriended by Ma Chun-shing, a wealthy and childless tax collector, who takes her into his house as his second wife. She bears him a son, Shoulang, but earns the jealousy of his first wife, Ah-Siu. Ah-Siu accuses Hai-tang of <a href="Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a>, poisons Ma, blaming Hai-tang for the crime, and claims to a court that Shoulang is her own child, so that she can inherit Ma's fortune. Hai-tang is arrested, and beaten until she <a href="Forced_confession" title="Forced confession">confesses</a>. As Hai-tang is about to be hanged, she is rescued by <a href="Bao_Zheng" title="Bao Zheng">Bao Zheng</a> in a scene similar to the <a href="Judgment_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Solomon">Judgment of Solomon</a>: Shoulang is placed in a circle of chalk between the two women, and each is ordered to pull the child toward her; as Hai-tang cannot bear to hurt her child, she gives up the attempt —and so is judged his true mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cyclopedia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cyclopedia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coc.co.uk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coc.co.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brewster_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2></div>

<p>The play became first known in the <a href="Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> in a <a href="French_language" title="French language">French language</a> translation by <a href="Stanislas_Julien" title="Stanislas Julien">Stanislas Julien</a>, published in <a href="London" title="London">London</a> in 1832 as <i>Le Cercle de Craie</i>. This was liberally re-translated into <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> by <a href="Klabund" title="Klabund">Klabund</a> as <i>Der Kreidekreis</i> in 1924, which was very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-Brewster_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewster-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Klabund's version, the Emperor marries the heroine at the end of the play, while in the original she returns to live with her brother, who is now a court official.<sup id="cite_ref-Masterplots_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masterplots-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on Klabund's play, the Austrian composer <a href="Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a> adapted a libretto for his <i><a href="Der_Kreidekreis_(opera)" title="Der Kreidekreis (opera)">Der Kreidekreis</a></i>, performed in Zurich in 1933.

</p><p>Klabund's version was translated into English by <a href="James_Laver" title="James Laver">James Laver</a> as <i>The Circle of Chalk</i>, in five acts, published in London by <a href="William_Heinemann" title="William Heinemann">William Heinemann</a> in 1929. It was put on stage in March of that year, produced by <a href="Basil_Dean" title="Basil Dean">Basil Dean</a>, starring the <a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a> actress <a href="Anna_May_Wong" title="Anna May Wong">Anna May Wong</a>, Australian actress <a href="Rose_Quong" title="Rose Quong">Rose Quong</a>, and British actor <a href="Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olivier_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olivier-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2008, this version is still being produced by various theatre groups.<sup id="cite_ref-coc.co.uk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coc.co.uk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 1940, <a href="Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a> wrote <i><a href="Der_Augsburger_Kreidekreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Augsburger Kreidekreis">Der Augsburger Kreidekreis</a></i>, a <a href="Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> based on <i>Der Kreidekreis</i>, which reworks the story by omitting any Imperial intervention and making the first wife the biological mother, but having her abandon the child. The heroine is a serving girl who rescues and raises him, becoming the "real" mother. In 1944, he further reworked the story as the play, <i><a href="The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a></i>, moving the events to medieval <a href="Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, adding a prologue set in <a href="Soviet_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Georgia">Soviet Georgia</a>, and greatly elaborating the narrative. In 2000, <i>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</i> in turn was rewritten as <i>Full Circle</i>, or <i>The Berlin Circle</i>, by <a href="Charles_L._Mee" title="Charles L. Mee">Charles L. Mee</a>, set in 1989 <a href="East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> after the <a href="Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">fall of Communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Amrep_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amrep-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The famous Kyrgyz author and novelist <a href="Chinghiz_Aitmatov" title="Chinghiz Aitmatov">Chinghiz Aitmatov</a> was also indirectly inspired from the Chalk Circle, while writing his 1960 book, The Red Scarf. He used some indirect elements from the tale very loosely. The plot of the 1977 Turkish film "<a href="Selvi_Boylum_Al_Yazmal%C4%B1m" class="mw-redirect" title="Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım">Selvi Boylum Al Yazmalım</a>" was based on The Red Scarf. The movie is one of the best known films in <a href="Turkish_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish cinema">Turkish cinema</a> .

</p><p>In 2018, Claire Conceison wrote and directed a play called The Chalk Cycle based on the original Yuan drama The Chalk Circle, the Brecht adaptation The Caucasian Chalk Circle, and the <a href="Custody_battle_for_Anna_Mae_He" title="Custody battle for Anna Mae He">Custody battle for Anna Mae He</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-Oxford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/odp-encyclopedia/chalk-circle">"Chalk Circle, The (Hui-Lan Ji)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of Plays</i>, online at <a href="Enotes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotes.com">Enotes.com</a>. Retrieved May 27, 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Masterplots-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masterplots_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masterplots_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masterplots_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/circle-chalk-salem/circle-chalk-9560000125">"The Circle of Chalk"</a> <i>Masterplots</i>, Definitive Revised Edition, online at <a href="Enotes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotes.com">Enotes.com</a>. Retrieved May 27, 2008.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Revers-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revers_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revers_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1hS8AlCu4UC&pg=PA213"><i>Das Fremde und das Vertraute: Studien zur musiktheoretischen und musikdramatischen Ostasienrezeption</i></a>, by <a href="Peter_Revers" title="Peter Revers">Peter Revers</a>, Published 1997 <a href="Franz_Steiner_Verlag" title="Franz Steiner Verlag">Franz Steiner Verlag</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>3-515-07133-4</bdi>, pages 212, 213. Online excerpt at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> retrieved May 27, 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Du-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Du_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/asian_theatre_journal/v018/18.2du.html">"Historicity and Contemporaneity: Adaptations of Yuan Plays in the 1990s"</a>, Wenwei Du, <i><a href="Asian_Theatre_Journal" title="Asian Theatre Journal">Asian Theatre Journal</a></i>, Volume 18, Number 2, Fall 2001, pp. 222-237.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Cyclopedia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cyclopedia_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/circle-chalk-salem/circle-chalk">"<i>The Circle of Chalk</i> Character Analysis"</a>, <i>Cyclopedia of Literary Characters</i>, online at <a href="Enotes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Enotes.com">Enotes.com</a>. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-coc.co.uk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coc.co.uk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coc.co.uk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleofchalk.co.uk/theplay.html">"The Circle of Chalk"</a>, website for UK staging of Klabund adaptation. Retrieved May 28, 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Hodges-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvXKqZETA9kC&pg=PA96"><i>Anna May Wong: From Laundryman's Daughter to Hollywood Legend</i></a>, by Graham Russell Hodges, Published 2004, <a href="Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-312-29319-4</bdi>, page 96. Online excerpt at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> retrieved May 28, 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Brewster-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brewster_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/501">""Solomon's Judgment, Mahosadha, and the Hoei-Kan-Li""</a>.</cite> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(260 KB)</span>[sic], Paul G. Brewster, <i>Folklore Studies</i>, Vol. 21, (1962), pp. 236-240, Asian Folklore Studies, <a href="Nanzan_University" title="Nanzan University">Nanzan University</a>. Online version accessed June 23, 2015.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Columbia-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Klabund.html">"Klabund"</a>, The <a href="Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a>, Sixth Edition, 2008. Retrieved May 27, 2008.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Olivier-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olivier_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was possibly Laurence Olivier's first <a href="West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End theatre</a> role; Hodges (above), claims it was, but his work wasn't really focused on Olivier, rather on Wong. Our article <a href="Laurence_Olivier_chronology_of_stage_and_film_performances" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Olivier chronology of stage and film performances">Laurence Olivier chronology of stage and film performances</a> differs.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Amrep-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amrep_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amrep.org/people/mee1.html">"All About Mee"</a>, Gideon Lester, January 2000, <a href="American_Repertory_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="American Repertory Theatre">American Repertory Theatre</a>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2018/10/27/the-chalk-cycle-at-mit/">"The Chalk Cycle at MIT"</a>. <i>MCLC Resource Center</i>. 2018-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlesmee.org/html/fullcircle.html"><i>Full Circle</i></a>, script by <a href="Charles_L._Mee" title="Charles L. Mee">Charles L. Mee</a> at his site.</li></ul>

<p><br>

</p>

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</style><div id="Yuan_dynasty_topics184" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="History of the Yuan dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a>

<ul><li><a href="Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kublai_Khan's_campaigns" title="Kublai Khan's campaigns">Kublai Khan's campaigns</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">Mongol conquest of China</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sichuan_anti-Mongol_fortresses" title="Sichuan anti-Mongol fortresses">anti-Mongol fortresses</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">conquest of the Song dynasty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Xiangyang" title="Battle of Xiangyang">Battle of Xiangyang</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Yamen" title="Battle of Yamen">Yamen</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_B%E1%BA%A1ch_%C4%90%E1%BA%B1ng_(1288)" title="Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)">Battle of Bạch Đằng (1288)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Ngasaunggyan" title="Battle of Ngasaunggyan">Battle of Ngasaunggyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Pagan" title="Battle of Pagan">Pagan</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second Mongol invasion of Burma</a></li>

<li><a href="Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war</a></li>

<li><a href="War_of_the_Two_Capitals" title="War of the Two Capitals">War of the Two Capitals</a></li>

<li><a href="1344_Yellow_River_flood" title="1344 Yellow River flood">1344 Yellow River flood</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_Turban_Rebellions" title="Red Turban Rebellions">Red Turban Rebellions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">Red Turban invasions of Goryeo</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_Lake_Poyang" title="Battle of Lake Poyang">Battle of Lake Poyang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ispah_rebellion" title="Ispah rebellion">Ispah rebellion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_emperors_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty">Emperors</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">family tree</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_empresses_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of empresses of the Yuan dynasty">Empresses</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhongshu_Sheng" title="Zhongshu Sheng">Zhongshu Sheng</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty">Administrative divisions of the Yuan dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuan_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia">Yuan dynasty in Inner Asia</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongolia_under_Yuan_rule" title="Mongolia under Yuan rule">Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchuria_under_Yuan_rule" title="Manchuria under Yuan rule">Manchuria</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet</a>

<li><a href="Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">Goryeo under Mongol rule</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Science_and_technology_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Science and technology of the Yuan dynasty">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Jade_Mirror_of_the_Four_Unknowns" title="Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns">Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Wei_Yilin" title="Wei Yilin">Shiyi Dexiaofang</a></i></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass" title="Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass">Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)</a></li>

<li><a href="Miaoying_Temple" title="Miaoying Temple">Miaoying Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Pagoda_of_Bailin_Temple" title="Pagoda of Bailin Temple">Pagoda of Bailin Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_of_Azure_Clouds" title="Temple of Azure Clouds">Temple of Azure Clouds</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinan_Great_Southern_Mosque" title="Jinan Great Southern Mosque">Jinan Great Southern Mosque</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Yuan_poetry" title="Yuan poetry">Yuan poetry</a></li>

<li><i><a href="History_of_Liao" title="History of Liao">History of Liao</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shilin_Guangji" title="Shilin Guangji">Shilin Guangji</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Menggu_Ziyun" title="Menggu Ziyun">Menggu Ziyun</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Wenxian_Tongkao" title="Wenxian Tongkao">Wenxian Tongkao</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Zhongyuan_Yinyun" title="Zhongyuan Yinyun">Zhongyuan Yinyun</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Injustice_to_Dou_E" title="The Injustice to Dou E">The Injustice to Dou E</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Orphan_of_Zhao" title="The Orphan of Zhao">The Orphan of Zhao</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Story_of_the_Western_Wing" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Western Wing">The Story of the Western Wing</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Islam_during_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Islam during the Yuan dynasty">Islam</a></li>

<li><a href="Fashion_in_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Yuan dynasty">Fashion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Borjigin" title="Borjigin">Borjigin</a></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li>

<li><i><a href="History_of_Yuan" title="History of Yuan">History of Yuan</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Khanbaliq" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a></li>

<li><a href="Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Zhizheng_tiaoge" title="Zhizheng tiaoge">Zhizheng tiaoge</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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